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Zone of Proximal Development

10 Aug 2020


Through others we become ourselves.

Lev Vygotsky, Language and Thought

Vygotsky has been a huge influence in developmental psychology and, alongside Jean Piaget, is responsible for much of the foundation for many educational practices today.

His concept of the “zone of proximal development“ in particular is worth keeping in mind. It simply refers to the distance between that we can do and that we can’t: the space in which we need the help of others to proceed.

It is the capacity for nurture that sets humans apart, and without knowledge shared we would be limited to what we can learn on our own. We each live much of our lives in Vygotsky’s zone, and as such it’s worth considering how much time we spend helping others through theirs.

Perhaps most interestingly, this particular concept mirrors the ‘magical mentor’ stage of the hero’s journey. More evidence of myth reflecting the human experience.

On a related note, one of the ways we can proceed through the ZPD is with our inner voice, or as Vygotsky called it self talk


Anthologies: Connection, On Being Fruitful, On Culture, On Leadership, On Politics and Power, Accidental Talent

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More about Dorian Minors' project btrmt.

btrmt. (text-only version)

The full site with interactive features is available at btr.mt.

btrmt. (betterment) examines ideologies worth choosing. Created by Dorian Minors—Cambridge PhD in cognitive neuroscience, Associate Professor at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Core philosophy: humans are animals first, with automatic patterns shaped for us, not by us. Better to examine and choose.

Core concepts. Animals First: automatic patterns of thought and action, but our greatest capacity is nurture. Half Awake: deadened by systems that narrow rather than expand potential. Karstica: unexamined ideologies (hidden sinkholes beneath). Credenda: belief systems we should choose deliberately.

The manifesto. Cynosure (focus): betterment, gratification, connection. Architecture (support): inner (somatic, spiritual, thought) and outer (digital, collective, wealth).

Mission. Not answers but examination. Break academic gatekeeping. Make sciences of mind accessible. Question rather than prescribe.

Writing style. Scholarly without jargon barriers. Philosophical yet practical—grounded in neuroscience and lived experience. Reflective, discovery-oriented. Literary references and metaphor. Critical of systems that narrow human potential. Rejects "humans are flawed"—we're half awake, not broken.

Copyright. BTRMT LIMITED (England/Wales no. 13755561) 2026. Dorian Minors 2026.

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About Dorian Minors. Started btrmt. in 2013 to share sciences of mind with people who weren't studying them. Background: six years Australian Defence Force (Platoon Commander, Infantry); Gates Cambridge Scholar; PhD cognitive neuroscience, University of Cambridge (2018-2024); currently Associate Professor, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Research interests: neural basis of intelligent behaviour, decision intelligence, ritual formation/breakdown, ethical leadership, wellbeing.

External projects (links also available via Analects):